現在完成時(shí) 和過(guò)去完成

定義現在完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，其結果的確和現在有聯(lián)系。動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過(guò)去　但它的影響現在還存在;也可表示持續到現在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。其構成：have (has) +過(guò)去分詞。

用法：

1)現在完成時(shí)所表示的動(dòng)作在說(shuō)話(huà)之前已完成，但對現在有影響，句中沒(méi)有具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。此時(shí)多于never， ever， just，before，already，yet等連用。

2)現在完成時(shí)所表示的動(dòng)作開(kāi)始于過(guò)去，持續到現在，也許還會(huì )繼續持續下去。常與for，since等一段時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。

注意：表示暫短動(dòng)作的詞(如come，go，borrow，lend，die，bur，marry等)的完成時(shí)不能與for，since等表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。

例如：How long may I keep the book?這本書(shū)我可以借多久?

Two weeks

Borrow和lend 都是暫短性動(dòng)詞，當表示借多久時(shí)，用動(dòng)詞keep

常見(jiàn)的短暫性動(dòng)詞轉換成延續性動(dòng)詞

leave --- be away, borrow --- keep, buy --- have,

begin/start --- be on, die --- be dead, finish --- be over,

join --- be in+組織機構,be a member of+組織機構,

open sth --- keep sth open, fall ill --- be ill,

get up---be up, catch a cold --- have a cold,

come here --- be here, go there --- be there, become --- be,

come back --- be back, fall asleep --- be asleep,

get to/ arrive/reach --- be (in), leave --- be away from,

get to know --- know, go (get) out →be out，

put on→ wear;catch a cold →have a cold等。

例:The old man died 4 years ago.

----The old man has been dead for 4 years.

---- It is 4 years since the old man died.

----Four years has passed since the old man died.

He joined the Party 2 years ago.

-----He has been in the Party for 2 years.

I bought the book 5 days ago.

---- I have had the book for 5 days.

比較過(guò)去時(shí)與現在完成時(shí)

1)過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過(guò)去的事情，強調動(dòng)作;現在完成時(shí)為過(guò)去發(fā)生的，強調過(guò)去的事情對現在的影響，強調的是影響。

2)過(guò)去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，而現在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，或無(wú)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。

一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):

yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)

現在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)

for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet,　till / until, up to now, in past years, always,

3)現在完成時(shí)可表示持續到現在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，動(dòng)詞一般是延續性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.

過(guò)去時(shí)常用的非持續性動(dòng)詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。

舉例：

I saw this film yesterday.(強調看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過(guò)了。)

I have seen this film. (強調對現在的影響，電影的內容已經(jīng)知道了。)

句子中如有過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞(如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960)時(shí)，不能使用現在完成時(shí)，要用過(guò)去時(shí)。

(錯)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.

(對)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.

句子中如有過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞(如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960)時(shí)，不能使用現在完成時(shí)，要用過(guò)去時(shí)。

(錯)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.

(對)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.

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