一、過(guò)去完成時(shí)的概念與結構特點(diǎn)‍

1)概念：過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作，即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去(past-in-the-past)”。

----|-------------------------- |-------------------------------|-----------------------|------->

?______________　 過(guò)去　 現在　　　　　　將來(lái)

2)構成：過(guò)去完成時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞had +過(guò)去分詞”構成，其中had通用于各種人稱(chēng)。

They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.

She had finished writing the composition by 10：00 this morning.

二、過(guò)去完成時(shí)的判斷依據‍

1)由時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)來(lái)判定

一般說(shuō)來(lái)，各種時(shí)態(tài)都有特定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。與過(guò)去完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：

(1)by +過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。如：

I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.

(2)by the end of +過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。如：

We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.

(3)before +過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。如：

They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.

2)由“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”來(lái)判定。

過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，是指過(guò)去某一動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作，即動(dòng)作有先后關(guān)系，動(dòng)作在前的用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，在后的用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。這種用法常出現在：

(1)賓語(yǔ)從句中

當賓語(yǔ)從句的主句為一般過(guò)去時(shí)，且從句的動(dòng)作先于主句的動(dòng)作時(shí)，從句要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句。如：

She said that she had seen the film before.

(2)狀語(yǔ)從句中

在時(shí)間、條件、原因、方式等狀語(yǔ)從句中，主、從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生有先后關(guān)系，動(dòng)作在前的，要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，動(dòng)作在后的要用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如：

When I got to the station, the train had already left.

After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.

注意：before, after引導的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中，由于before和after本身已表達了動(dòng)作的先后關(guān)系，若主、從句表示的動(dòng)作緊密相連，則主、從句都用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如：

Where did you study before you came here?

After he closed the door, he left the classroom.

(3)表示意向的動(dòng)詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示"原本…，未能…"　　 We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.

三、過(guò)去完成時(shí)的主要用法　‍

1)過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成或結束，即發(fā)生在“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。如：

When I woke up, it had stopped raining.

我醒來(lái)時(shí)，雨已經(jīng)停了。(主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”)

2)過(guò)去完成時(shí)是一個(gè)相對的時(shí)態(tài)，表示的是“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，只有和過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或某一動(dòng)作相比較時(shí)才使用它。如：

He told me that he had written a new book. (had written發(fā)生在told之前)

3)過(guò)去完成時(shí)需要與一個(gè)表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，它不能離開(kāi)過(guò)去時(shí)間而獨立存在。此時(shí)多與already，yet，still，just，before，never等時(shí)間副詞及by，before，until等引導的短語(yǔ)或從句連用。如：

Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for about five years.

Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten.

4)過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示某一動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過(guò)去某時(shí)之前已經(jīng)開(kāi)始，一直延續到這一過(guò)去時(shí)間，而且動(dòng)作尚未結束，仍然有繼續下去的可能。如：

By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years.(had worked已有了20年，還有繼續進(jìn)行下去的可能)

四、過(guò)去完成時(shí)與現在完成時(shí)的區別

現在完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，但側重對現在產(chǎn)生的結果或造成的影響，與現在有關(guān)，其結構為“助動(dòng)詞have (has) +過(guò)去分詞”;過(guò)去完成時(shí)則是一個(gè)相對的時(shí)態(tài)，它所表示的動(dòng)作不僅發(fā)生在過(guò)去，更強調“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，只有和過(guò)去某時(shí)或某動(dòng)作相比較時(shí)，才用到它。

試比較：

I have learned 1000 English words so far.到目前為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì )了1000個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞。

I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那時(shí)為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì )了1000個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞。

— I'm sorry to keep you waiting.對不起，讓你久等了。

— Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.沒(méi)什么，我只等了幾分鐘。

(“等”的動(dòng)作從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)持續到現在)

— John returned home yesterday.約翰昨天回到家的。

— Where had he been?他去哪兒了?

(答語(yǔ)中使用過(guò)去完成時(shí)是指約翰在returned home之前去了哪些地方，即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”

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