現在完成時(shí)

一、知識梳理

要點(diǎn)一：

現在完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，但它的影響現在還存在;也可表示持續到現在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。

1.動(dòng)作在過(guò)去發(fā)生并持續到現在。I have lived in Jiangyinfor 15 years./since15 yearsago.

2.動(dòng)作在過(guò)去發(fā)生并對現在產(chǎn)生影響。I have seen this film before.

3.某個(gè)動(dòng)作從過(guò)去到現在已經(jīng)發(fā)生了多次。

He has read this book three times. I have been to Beijing four times.

要點(diǎn)二：

1、

規則變化的過(guò)去分詞與過(guò)去式的變化一樣，在動(dòng)詞詞尾加ed;

不規則變化的過(guò)去分詞見(jiàn)不規則動(dòng)詞表，需要同學(xué)記憶。

現以see the film為例將現在完成時(shí)的肯定句，否定句和疑問(wèn)句列表如下：

have

肯定句：I/You/We/Theyseen the film. He/She /Itseen the film.

have

否定句：I/You/We/Theynot/ haven’t seen the film.

has

He/ She/Itnot/hasn’t seen the film.

Have

疑問(wèn)句：I/you/they seen the film? Yes, you/ we/I/they have. No, you/ we/I/they.

Has

he/she/it seen the film? Yes, he/ she/ it has. No, he/ she/ it.

2、

①一般直接在詞尾加上ed。look—looked

②以e結尾的動(dòng)詞，直接加d。move—moved③以y結尾，y前面是輔音字母的動(dòng)詞，變y為i，再加ed。carry—carried④部分動(dòng)詞需雙寫(xiě)尾字母，加ed。stop—stopped

⑤不規則變化

AAB

ABC

ABB

要點(diǎn)三：

用法：現在完成時(shí)既涉及過(guò)去，又聯(lián)系

用法1：

常與just(剛剛)，already(已經(jīng))，never(從來(lái)沒(méi)有)，ever(曾經(jīng))，before(以前)，yet(仍然)，once(一次)，twice(兩次)，many times(很多次)，how many times(多少次)，so far(迄今為止)，during the past(last)three years(最近三年來(lái))等連用。

※副詞的位置：

just

①just常用于肯定句中，放在have / has后，He hascome .

never

②never表示否定,放在have / has后, He hasvisited the Great Wall.

ever

③ever用于疑問(wèn)句中,句型為: Have / Has+主語(yǔ)++過(guò)去分詞?“…曾經(jīng)……過(guò)嗎?”用于詢(xún)問(wèn)某人過(guò)去的經(jīng)歷。Have youbeen to the farm?

before

④before用于句末，The woman has never heard of that.

yet

⑤yet用于句末或not之后.(用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句)Has the train arrived? No, not

already

⑥already用于肯定句, have / has之后或句末.We havefinished it.

So far,

⑦so far用于句首或句末.we have visited the moon.

用法

for 19 years

①for+表示一段時(shí)間的詞語(yǔ)I have taught English。

since 1986

②since+表示過(guò)去時(shí)間點(diǎn)的詞語(yǔ)He has been at this school.

since I was born.

③since+表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句I have lived here

since 20 years ago.

④since+一段時(shí)間+ago.I have known him

用法3：

twice

I have been to Beijing.我去過(guò)北京兩次。

twice

He has watched the film.這部電影他已經(jīng)看過(guò)兩遍了。

要點(diǎn)四：

現在完成時(shí)態(tài)中

(for，since，how long, all one’s life)

用的動(dòng)詞必須是表示延續的情況或動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞，即延續性動(dòng)詞

。

如：be，have，know，live，work，study，learn，teach，keep，speak，talk，draw，wait，wear，walk，sleep，drive，write，do，clean等。

have been

Ia teacher.has he lived here?

要點(diǎn)五：

語(yǔ)連用

。

如this morning，today，this week，these days

this year.

He has been to Beijing three times

this morning.

He has written two letters(說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)間在上午)

this morning.

He wrote two letters(說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)間在下午或晚上)

要點(diǎn)六：

英語(yǔ)中還有一些動(dòng)詞的意義決定它們所表示的動(dòng)作不能延續

常見(jiàn)的有：come，go，arrive，reach，see，hear，close，open，leave，begin，start，lose，buy，fall，join，die，get up，become，borrow，lend，find，finish，receive等。這些動(dòng)詞可用于現在完成時(shí)，說(shuō)明某個(gè)動(dòng)作的結果還存在，但不能和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)(how long，for，since)連用。

for two hours

He has come back.(√)He has come back.(×)

※但在否定句中，非延續性動(dòng)詞也可用表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)來(lái)修飾(因為非持續性動(dòng)詞的這種否定形式構成一種狀態(tài)，而這一狀態(tài)是可以持續的)，如

I haven’t heard from my father for a long time.

We haven’t seen him since 1999.

【注意】：當終止性動(dòng)詞(非延續性動(dòng)詞)與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)(how long，since，for，all

one’s life)相矛盾時(shí),改正錯句的方法有如下幾種:

用副詞

(1)

two weeks ago.

He has come back for two weeks.(錯)改為:He came back(正)

ten days ago

I have lost my bike for ten days.(錯)改為:I lost my bike.(正)

用

(2)。

He has joined the League(社團)for 3 years.(錯)It is 3 years since he joined the League.

I have bought the book for 5 days.(錯)It is 5 days since I bought the book.(正)

He has died for 20 years.(錯)It is 20 years since he died.(正)

用

(3)

He has left home for 20 years.改為:Twenty years has passed since he left home.

He has lost his pen for 2 days.改為:Two days has passed since he lost his pen.

用系表結構來(lái)改寫(xiě)

(4)

has been dead

He has died for 20 years.改為: Hefor 20 years.

has been open

The factory has opened since 1999.改為:The factorysince 1999.

been away

How long has he left?改為:How long has he?

用相應的延續性動(dòng)詞替代非延續性動(dòng)詞。

(5)

has had

He has bought the book for two weeks.改為:Hethe book for two weeks.

常見(jiàn)的相應轉換形式如下:

keep

borrow / lend→,

have

buy/catch→,

be over

finish /stop/end→,

be on

begin / start→,

be open

open→,

be closed

close→,

be dead

die→,

be away

leave→,

be up

get up→,

be asleep

fall asleep→,

be ill

fall ill→,

Married→be married

know

get to know→,

be lost

lose→,

be

become→,

study,

begin to study→

be in / be

join→,

have a letter

receive / get a letter→,

have a cold

catch / get a cold→,

be in the army /be a soldier

join →,

be back

return / come back / get back→,

be in school / be a student

go to school→,

be in /at / be here /be there

arrive /come / go / move / reach /get to→,

I havekeptthis bookfor three days.

He hashadthis carfor two years.

The film hasbeen over/onfor half an hour.

The doghas been deadfor 3 days.

My parentshas been marriedfor 15 years.

他參軍已有三年.He has joined the army for three years.(錯)改為:

has been in

Hethe army for three years / since three years ago.

has been a soldier

Hefor three years / since three years ago.

He joined the army three years ago.

It is three years since he joined the army.

Three years has passed since he joined the army.

要點(diǎn)七：

現在完成時(shí)中應注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題

have/has gone to；have/has been to；have/has been in的區別

have/has gone to：已經(jīng)去了，還沒(méi)有返回;強調“去了”，現在人不在說(shuō)話(huà)的現場(chǎng)

have/has been to：曾經(jīng)去過(guò)某地，現在已經(jīng)回來(lái)了，后面可接表示“次數”的狀語(yǔ);

have/has been in：表示某人“已在某地停留一段時(shí)間，現仍在那里”，其后常帶表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)。

①He has been to the USA three times.他到美國去過(guò)三次。(過(guò)去“到美國”，現在已“不在美國”)

②--Where's your mother? --你媽媽在哪?

--She has gone to thehospital. --她去醫院了。

③She has been to Shanghai only once.

④--How many times has he been there? --He's been there many times.

⑤They have been at the bus stop for half an hour.他們在車(chē)站呆了半小時(shí)。(現在仍然在車(chē)站)

⑥We have been in Xi'an for two weeks.我們在西安呆了兩個(gè)多星期。(現仍在西安)

⑦How long have they been in China?他們在中國呆了多長(cháng)時(shí)間了?(仍在中國)

要點(diǎn)八：

如何通過(guò)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)做比較,進(jìn)一步掌握現在完成時(shí)?

一般過(guò)去時(shí)和現在完成時(shí)的動(dòng)作都發(fā)生在過(guò)去,但意義卻不同.

(1)一般過(guò)去時(shí)只表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),和現在不發(fā)生關(guān)系。

現在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的某一動(dòng)作對現在造成的影響,強調的是現在。

learned

如:Iten English songs(說(shuō)明過(guò)去學(xué)過(guò),現在是否記得,不是本句的內容)

have learnt

Iten English songs.(learn發(fā)生在過(guò)去,但強調我現在懂英語(yǔ)歌曲)

cleaned

Ithe blackboard halfan hour ago.(只說(shuō)明“擦”和其發(fā)生的時(shí)間)

have cleaned

Ithe blackboard.(說(shuō)明現在黑板是干凈的)

has written

The teachersome new words on the blackboard(黑板上現在有單詞)

wrote

The teachersome new words on the blackboard(黑板上現在沒(méi)有單詞)

(2)一般過(guò)去時(shí)可以和表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,如:yesterday, last year, three days ago, just now,等�，F在完成時(shí)不能和表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,其時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)可以是since…,for… , just, ever, never, before, already, yet , so far, all one’s life等

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