動(dòng)詞的現在完成時(shí)

現在完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，其結果的確和現在有聯(lián)系。動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過(guò)去　但它的影響現在還存在;也可表示持續到現在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。其構成：have (has) +過(guò)去分詞。

比較過(guò)去時(shí)與現在完成時(shí)

1)過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過(guò)去的事情，強調動(dòng)作;現在完成時(shí)為過(guò)去發(fā)生的，強調過(guò)去的事情對現在的影響，強調的是影響。

2)過(guò)去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，而現在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，或無(wú)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。

一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：

yesterday,last week，…ago,in1980,in October,just now,具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)

共同的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：

this morning,tonight,this April,now,once，before,already,recently，lately

現在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)

for,since,so far,ever,never,just,yet,　till / until,up to now,in past years,always,

不確定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)

3)現在完成時(shí)可表示持續到現在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，動(dòng)詞一般是延續性的，如live,teach,learn,work,study,know.

過(guò)去時(shí)常用的非持續性動(dòng)詞有come,go,leave,start,die,finish,become,get married等。

舉例：

I saw this film yesterday：我昨天看了這部電影

(強調看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過(guò)了。)

I have seen this film：我已經(jīng)看過(guò)這部電影

(強調對現在的影響，電影的內容已經(jīng)知道了。)

Why did you get up so early

(強調起床的動(dòng)作已發(fā)生過(guò)了。)

Who hasn't handed in his paper

(強調有卷子，可能為不公平競爭。)

She has returned from Paris：她已從巴黎回來(lái)了。

She returned yesterday：她是昨天回來(lái)了。

He has been in the League for three years：他在團中已經(jīng)三年

(在團內的狀態(tài)可延續)

He has been a League member for three years：他連續三年被一個(gè)團內的成員

(是團員的狀態(tài)可持續)

He joined the League three years ago：他三年前入團

( 三年前入團，joined為短暫行為。)

I have finished my homework now.

---Will somebody go and get Dr. White

---He's already been sent for.

句子中如有過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞(如 yes terday,last,week,in 1960)時(shí)，不能使用現在完成時(shí)，要用過(guò)去時(shí)。

(錯)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.

(對)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.

用于現在完成時(shí)的句型

1)It is the first / second time…. that…結構中的從句部分，用現在完成時(shí)。

It is the first time that I have visited the city.

It was the third time that the boy had been late.

2)This is the… that…結構，that 從句要用現在完成時(shí).

This is the best film that I've (ever) seen.

這是我看過(guò)的最好的電影。

This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing.　這是我第一次聽(tīng)他唱歌。

典型例題

(1) ---Do you know our town at all?

---No,this is the first time I ___ here.

A. was　B. have been　C. came　D. am coming

答案B. This is the first time 后面所加從句應為現在完成時(shí)，故選B。

(2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before

---No,it's the first time I ___ here.

A. even,come　B. even,have come　C. ever,come　D. ever,have come

答案D. ever意為曾經(jīng)或無(wú)論何時(shí)，反意詞為never，此兩詞常用于完成時(shí)。This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，從句要用完成時(shí)。

注意：非延續性動(dòng)詞的否定形式可以與表示延續時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。即動(dòng)作不發(fā)生的狀態(tài)是可以持續的。

(錯)I have received his letter for a month.

(對)I haven't received his letter for almost a month.

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